14 LEARNING CENTERED PRINCIPLES

      Learning can be attained throughout, there’s so many ways which we could learn. It could be in our own home or in school. Anything that could lead us to experience there is learning on it.

Among which may influence learning according to some experts there are 14 principles as follows:

When we say cognitive it is the capacity of a person to think or what we called as intelligence. As a learner it is very important to know the process of learning. It could be the study habit of a person or other learning strategies that could enhance the learning.

Aside from that learners should be goal oriented. Learners must have objectives that are meaningful and both personal and educational interest.

 Construction of knowledge is also important in cognitive factors. A learner should link previous in information to existing knowledge. It could widen the learner’s knowledge and could give also some clarifications on the information that the learner have.

Motivational factors- Learners can be motivated by other people or by himself. When we say other people it could be our parents or the educators. Parents should motivate their child to learn, it is very important to explain the importance of learning and be education.

 Educators should be a good model to the students in such a way the learners will be motivated to learned, because they look for their teachers as a guide to their success. 

Curiosity and effort also is one factor that a learner is motivated. The more curious the students the more they want to learn and eager to find answers to their questions. That is why it is very important for the educators to look for the students’ interest to keep the learners motivated.

Another factor that may affect learning is the developmental and social influences. Developmental is something which we acquire from the very beginning. Meaning from the very start when we’re still in the womb of our mother may affect our respective learning also. Our parents, most especially our mom, may influence on how she handles her pregnancy. During that very moment that is why it is very important that expected mothers should eat the right kind of food drink their vitamins, because it could influence our learning as develop inside the womb and even after birth. Social influence also may influence our learning because it has something to do with the environment that we have. Of course the more that we are expose with different people with various interest the more we acquire same learning that they have.

Individual difference factor may affect learning also. As we all know that learners varied with their capabilities of learning’s. Some people may think and understand fast while others may be slow. With that, educators should know and be sensitive to individual differences. Also must impose instructional materials that could suit the students’ capacity of learning.

However there are some differences also that may affect learning. Such as language, ethnicity, race, beliefs and socio economic status.

Language may affect learning if the learner finds it hard to express his own thought or find it hard to understand and perceive the said information.

Ethnicity may affect learning because of some traditions and culture which they tend to impose and practice in some tribes like ifugao’s and Aeta’s.

Race could somehow may affect learning but it doesn't mean that one race dominate with the other. Like we Filipinos, we often excel outside the country. Other race also may be at their best even it is not on their own country. This simply means that race is not hindrance in learning.

Beliefs may influence learning because of different religions that we have. But what important is even we differ with our own beliefs we tend to respect one another.

Among the learning diversity, socio economic status I guess is really applicable here in our country, because of the status of living. Learners who have the capacity or can afford may find the best education they want. On the other hand, learners who belong in the lower status may still be able to manage to have the best education, provided that they can pass or may avail scholarships.However socio economic status may not  hamper learning if the learner himself is well determined 

REFLECTION on “THE POWER OF SOCIAL MODELING: THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION VIOLENCE”

Many television programs involve a substantial amount of violence in one form or another that affects people to think that television is the cause of violence in today’s youth. Many have questioned whether television disturbs the minds of adolescent children who cannot yet comprehend the truth of fiction and reality. Violent television viewing affects younger children more since their perception of what is real or unreal is not as mature as an older adult - meaning that aggressive adults learned their behavior as children. By watching portrayals of violence, children learn to accept aggressive behavior by becoming insensitive to the effects of violence and imitating it by modeling the actor’s aggressive behaviors.

According to the Institute for the Social Research, an aggressive behavior is a learned behavior which is being taught to our children by the media violence that they are exposed to daily (Chen, 1994 p.23). In Aggression – A Social Learning Analysis, written by Albert Bandura, indicates that sometimes watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who watch television depicting violence as realistic, unpunished, and frequently repeated are more likely to imitate what they see (Bandura) Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by TV violence. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in the child's behavior or may surface years later. Young people can even be affected when the family atmosphere shows no tendency toward violence.

While TV violence is not the only cause of aggressive or violent behavior, it is clearly a significant factor. Parents can protect children from excessive TV violence according to (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2012) in the following ways:

• pay attention to the programs their children are watching and watch some with them

• set limits on the amount of time they spend with the television; consider removing the TV set from the child's bedroom

• point out that although the actor has not actually been hurt or killed such violence in real life results in pain or death

• refuse to let the children see shows known to be violent, and change the channel or turn off the TV set when offensive material comes on, with an explanation of what is wrong with the program

 • disapprove of the violent episodes in front of the children, stressing the belief that such behavior is not the best way to resolve a problem

 • to offset peer pressure among friends and classmates, contact other parents and agree to enforce similar rules about the length of time and type of program the children may watch.

Parents can also use these measures to prevent harmful effects from television in other areas such as racial or sexual stereotyping. The amount of time children watch TV, regardless of content, should be moderated because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading, playing with friends, and developing hobbies.

            The most important aspect of violence in television is preventing it. There are many ways in which it can be prevented, but not often are many carried out. These solutions are easy to implement, but are often overlooked because of commercial purposes.
            Perhaps the most important way to prevent children from watching television violence is to stop it where it starts. Children are said to be the hope of one’s nation. Children should be nurtured and mold properly by the parents or the responsible adults.The parents should step in and turn the set off when a violent program comes on. The parents are the child's role models from which he learns. Children were said to be great imitators, if the children live in the environment where there is love the children will also grow to love and respect one another. But if the child lives in a home where parents are always fighting the child also learn to be violent when he grows up. These children who are exposed to violent programs in television will learn to have vices and even get involved in crimes at their young age. That is why nowadays as we observe there are more minors were being sent to jail or to the DSWD for custody. If a child can learn at an early age that violence on television is bad, then he can turn the set off for himself when he is older. Education should start at home. There should be a proper guidance from the parents, most especially in choosing the programs to watch in television. Fixing the problems of children and television violence isn't easy. There are many factors that have to be considered and people to be convinced. This problem will, no doubt, never go away and continue to get worse as the years go by. However, there are measures that can be taken to prevent the children from ever being exposed to such things. After all, what's the world going to be like when the children now are running the world in the future?  

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Objective

ü  To identify the different steps of instructional technology.

ü  To emphasize the importance of the student as central concern of instructional technology.

                                                                                                                    

   Steps of Instructional Technology

Objective – consider students needs, interest, and readiness.

Taxonomy of Domains

1.        Knowledge and information (Cognitive)

2.        Attitudes and Appreciation( Affective)

Skills and Performance (psychomotor)

The objectives may be derived from a course syllabus, stated in a textbook, taken from a curriculum guide, or developed by the instructor. They should be stated in terms of what the learner will be able to do as a result of instruction.

ž  Learning Experience-

 Activities that could spell the instructional objectives.

Experience leading to learning

v   Interviewing

v   Outlining/ taking notes

v    Problem solving

v   Reporting     

v   Travelling

v   Audio recording

v   Video recording

v  Experimenting

Teaching learning modes

v  Choose appropriate methods that can utilize and used by the teacher.

Personnel Roles

ü   Transmitter of information

ü  Structuring the learning environment and learning experience.

ü  Discussion leader

ü  Education coach or tutor.

Materials and Equipment

Equipment for learning

Record players

Tape recorders

Overhead projectors

 Radios

Slide and filmstrip

Projector

    Educational media for learning

    Textbooks

    Magazines,

    News papers, television programs, radio programs, posters, drawing materials.

Physical Facilities

Facilities for learning

ž  Lecture Halls

ž  Classrooms

ž  Laboratories

ž  Theaters

ž  Studios

ž  Libraries

ž  Resource Centers

ž  Playing Fields

Evaluation/ Refinement

ü  After instruction, it is necessary to evaluate its impact and effectiveness. To get the total picture, you must evaluate the entire instructional process.

ü  If instructional objectives were attained proceed to the next lesson.

ü  If instructional objectives was not attained make some remedial.